Poker face definition is - an inscrutable face that reveals no hint of a person's thoughts or feelings; especially: one used stratetically during a poker game. How to use poker face in a sentence. Fibromyalgia: the pain behind Lady Gaga’s poker face February 17, 2019 ushealthfocus Fibromyalgia 1 Lady Gaga has been forced to cancel a number of shows due to the severe chronic pain condition fibromyalgia.

Published online 2016 Feb 5. doi: 10.1007/s40616-016-0050-x

PMID: 27606224

Abstract

Learning Skinner’s (1957) verbal behavior taxonomy requires extensive study and practice. Thus, novel classroom exercises might serve this goal. The present manuscript describes a classroom exercise in which two students analyzed Lady Gaga’s song Applause in terms of its metaphorical arrangements. Through the exercise, students identified various verbal operants and their subtypes, including those seldom researched by the behavioral community (see Sautter and LeBlanc , The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 22, 35–48), which helped them conclude that Lady Gaga’s Applause is comprised of two themes: the artist taking control, and the artist-as-art.

Keywords: Instruction, Lady Gaga, Metaphor, Music, Musicology, Verbal behavior

Using popular music as an instructional technique for verbal behavior might help teach this difficult subject and could be enjoyable for students (e.g., Ciarocco et al. 2011). We do not know of any literature on using songs to teach behavior-analytic concepts, but we believe Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior would be well suited for this purpose. Other sciences, however, have successfully made use of songs as teaching aides.

Walczak and Reuter (1994) used collections of thematically related songs to aid in teaching sociological topics to an introductory sociology class. Packets containing song lyrics required students to answer assigned questions prior to taking part in group discussions. Students in the course enjoyed the packets, stating that they found the exercise “…to be refreshing, relevant, entertaining, thought-provoking, and effective” (Walczak and Reuter 1994, p. 267). While no data were presented on the effects of the packets on student performance, findings suggested strong social validity. Similar sociological coursework has evolved from Walczak and Reuter (e.g., Ahlkvist 1999, 2001).

Popular songs have been used as a supplement or alternative to lectures to teach several topics in the psychological fields (e.g., Hughes 1984; Napoletano ; Potkay 1982). For example, Leck (2006) concluded lectures on personality theories by playing and discussing relevant songs (e.g., Stevie Wonder’s Superstition [1972/2000] was played after an operant learning lecture to explore the concept of superstitious behavior). Six homework assignments required students to identify additional songs addressing various course concepts. Compared to a second course without song-based lectures and homework, these students produced significantly higher ratings on course evaluations in terms of the course being more stimulating, the instructor making better use of examples, and in finding the instructor to be more effective. Students from the song-based course scored significantly higher on equivalent exams. It makes sense that incorporating songs into coursework will be an accepted form of delivering lessons and likely to have a positive effect on student learning. With respect to verbal behavior courses, one artist who might prove challenging, yet rewarding to study, is Lady Gaga.

Lady Gaga became a pop culture icon because of her love for her fans, eccentric style, and complex lyrics. Her influence is so great that in 2010 the University of South Carolina offered the course “Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame” (Kaufman 2010). In 2013, her album, ARTPOP, solidified her a persona as a living, breathing piece of art.

One reason Lady Gaga might prove challenging, yet rewarding in teaching verbal behavior through popular music is that she is known for her mastery of metaphor in song. In Verbal Behavior, Skinner (1957) categorized metaphorical extensions under extended tacts. An extended tact is a tact whose stimulus control is shared by other tacts. Metaphors are produced when some stimulus condition sets the occasion for a particular response whose control is shared by properties with other stimulus conditions, and that control is not the control respected (i.e., reinforced) by the verbal community. Metaphors help to bring about additional responses from a listener that would not be available were the tact not in metaphorical extension. In Skinner’s example, a young child states that soda tastes as though his foot is asleep (p. 92). Skinner stated that a metaphor is tacted as such until it is accepted by the community. However, we will take a more liberal definition of metaphor by including those current or historical instances in which the controlling property was not necessarily supported by the verbal community. For example, suffering from “a broken heart” is no longer metaphorical as the controlling property is supported by the verbal community; however, for our purposes, we will retain the tact “metaphor” as, historically; this statement was metaphorical.

There is one study in the behavioral literature that analyzed lyrical metaphors. Luke (2003) applied Skinner’s verbal operant analysis to one of Shakespeare’s sonnets and Tupac’s White Man’z World in an effort to identify the meaning¹ of each. Luke chose Shakespeare because most of his work is based in metaphor. Differential meanings were identified through a verbal operant analysis of multiple-line combinations in Sonnet CXXXVIII. In the sonnet’s beginning, the speaker believes his lover to be truthful. In the middle of the sonnet, the speaker questions his lover’s honesty. Finally, the sonnet concludes when the speaker reveals that both he and his lover are liars, but they will remain together despite this revelation. Similarly, analyzing Tupac’s lyrics found that the lyrical assemblage allows the listener to interpret multiple meanings. At first glance, most of Tupac’s lyrics were mands about “‘bustin’ your fist against the wall,” and tacts that added a sense of violence such as “gunshots” and “bleeding” (Luke 2003, p. 112). However, further analysis revealed that the lyrics also referenced Tupac’s emotional state, influencing emotional listener responses.

Although the Shakespeare and Tupac analyses were similar, Luke (2003) concluded that the two forms of art were different. Lyrics in music are often accompanied by instruments that can change the experience for both the speaker and the listener, whereas in poetry, the reader is left without such accompaniments (see also Booth 1976; Thompson and Russo 2004).

Romm (2012) compared metaphors in literature (the Bible, Shakespeare’s work) to those of well-known speakers (Lincoln, Churchill) and present day artists (Lady Gaga). He explained that Lady Gaga’s Poker Face was a sexual reference instead of the more obvious assumption of the song being based on the card game. Lady Gaga incorporated metaphors intricately, leading listeners to interpret the song as a man being unable read her poker face, which was a metaphorical extension regarding her emotional responses. However, the often assumed metaphorical extension is incorrect, as Lady Gaga based Poker Face on her desires to be with a woman, rather than a man (Romm 2012). Given the less-than-obvious metaphorical extensions Lady Gaga can produce, her work stands to be of interest in creating and verifying a method of teaching verbal behavior through song analysis.

Similar to Poker Face, Lady Gaga’s song Applause (Germanotta et al. 2013) might have multiple meanings and was thus selected for this analysis. Specifically, this analysis was conducted as one of several final project assignments for a master’s-level course in verbal behavior conducted over the summer of 2014.

Method

Investigators

Two second-year students enrolled in an on-campus Masters of Science ABA program at a large Midwestern university were assigned to conduct the current analysis. The students were aided by their course instructor, an assistant professor in the same ABA master’s program.

The place is hard to find - it's in a small side street. It's like they are trying to hide it. Most tourists don't know it exists. Formerly it was called 'Edgewater Casino' located blocks. Edgewater casino vancouver bc canada.

Procedures

To satisfy course requirements for a master-level course on verbal behavior, we used Skinner’s verbal operant framework to analyze the lyrics and

Meaning Behind Poker Face Lady Gaga